True scientific pattern analysis was carried out and results published by General Journee in the early 1900s, Ed Lowry in the 1970s and now we have Dr Andrew Jones.

Jones has the advantage of instant pattern analysis via scanning and bit mapping software, ie he does not have to count pellets, and that has allowed him to analyse 2500 patterns for his book on shotgun performance.

The conclusion from the above is that choke works, plastic wads are no substitutes for choke, and that optimum pattern density for succesful hits needs some choke.

Anyone wanting to know choke and how it works, I think will benefit from Dr Jones book.