Dimples = pellet to pellet contact from "set back"
Flat side = bore scrubbing. I believe the load had the Mark 5 polyethylene shot collar.
Deformed/misshapen/impact crater = duck bone
And I could be wrong, but have cleaned a bunch of pheasants.
Doc Concur with your interpretation of the pellets.
On the question of large vs small bore and ballistic formulae
The advantage of the bigger bore is the bigger payload.
Often times I think we are in quest of an ideal or perfection, when all we are achieving is a small percentage improvement. Many times those marginal returns are illusory or simple opinion.
The differences between extremely soft (pure lead) and high quality lubuloy is significant, but the difference between good high antimony magnum shot and lubuloy not so much.
After chasing for the very best, I came to the conclusion very good to good is good enough and resources are better spent on shooting more.
I agree in part wiith initial point of this thread that smaller bore given same load, velocity, and I assume choking as compared to a large bore the larger bore will perform better. But I do agree it is very much so, so little in fact that the most important thing is still getting the pattern on the target.
The ballistic challenge of computing exactly what is going on internally and externally is complex and difficult to crunch prefectly, though it can be done.
I hate to bloviate, even as I do it, that said the advantage of big bores is the ability to push larger loads than the smaller bores.