Good takeaways from this thread: Before firing, inspect the action internally for hollow cast portions and cracks. Many Ballards can use low-pressure smokeless (.25-20 light loads under ~20,000 psi), but stay away from compressed/wad-against-powder systems. Black powder produces softer pressure curves and is a safe substitute for the original pre-smokeless guns. When in doubt, have the weapon inspected or proofed by a qualified gunsmith before using contemporary ammunition.