My apologies to Daryl for OTing his thread.
I found the original article from 2000 regarding the analysis of Tizona
https://www.researchgate.net/public...y_of_the_steel_blade_of_the_sword_Tizona "the blade was forged from low-carbon steel, and subsequently a surface layer... was produced by carburizing."
Another metallurgist wrote…this metallic structure "differs little from many other examples of medieval swords, axes, and knives... such a blade might have been produced almost anywhere in Europe over a thousand years from Roman to Early Modern times."
A follow-up article suggests the blade is from the late 11th century
https://www.researchgate.net/public...y_aceros_antiguos_aplicados_a_Tizona#pf4The authors compared the steel in Tizona with a tack from the Celtiberian Necropolis of Numantia and a nail from the Late Roman Imperial Villa of the Procurator Metallorum in Cerro Muriano (Córdoba) and believed the composition and source to be similar...according to Google Translate
but this is (at least for me) more interesting...and understandable
https://www.academia.edu/35847672/The_swords_of_the_Cid_a_heros_weapons_in_fact_and_legend You will need to create an account (free) with which I needed my much smarter spouse to help, but it can be done.
WARNING: it's written by one of those know nothing PhDs - in MATH for goodness sakes
