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Niklas:

You are very correct in the use of charcoal as being the prefered method for smelting and processing for tube steel. England tried using charcoal only and it started a massive deforestation project. I believe it was Henry Sharp, a self purported surgeon, didn't like English steel and went to France to procure or process iron. At the monment, my interest lies in info about the Catalan forge/furnace, Sir Henry Bessemer's furnace or Lancashire furnace in Sweden? When did they begin with the Catalan and when did they update to new technology via a new furnace? Also, any dates or info on barrel making at the mines or at the Catalan forges? Swedish steel was noted to seem to be almost void of sulphur and phosphorus. But I believe that Bell attributed a hint of maganese to the steel's demand?

Belgian Walloons(?) and Valloner have the same origin, are the same folk?

Kind Regards,

Raimey
rse